Prophet’s Birth

Muhammad (Peace be upon him), son of Abdullah, son of Abdul Muttalib, of the tribe of Quraysh, was born in Makkah in the year 571 C.E. His father died before he was born, and he was raised first by his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, and after his grandfather’s death, by his uncle Abu Talib.

When he appeared Arabia was a desert — a nothing. Out of nothing a new world was fashioned by the mighty spirit of Muhammad (peace be upon him) — a new life, a new culture, a new civilization, a new kingdom which extended from Morocco to Indies and influenced the thought and life of three continents — Asia, Africa and Europe

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As a young boy he travelled with his uncle in the merchants caravan to Syria, and some years later made the same journey in the service of a wealthy widow named Khadijah.

So faithfully he conducted her business, and so excellent was the report of his behaviour, which she received from her old servant who had accompanied him, that she soon afterwards married her young agent; and the marriage proved a very happy one, though she was fifteen years older than he was.

Throughout the twenty-six years of their life together he remained devoted to her; and after her death, when he took other wives he always mentioned her with the greatest love and reverence. This marriage gave him rank among the notables of Makkah, while his conduct earned for him the title ‘al-Ameen’, the trustworthy.

Physical description

One of the most comprehensive and detailed descriptions we have of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) came from a Bedouin woman who would take care of travellers who passed by her tent. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) once stopped by her with his companions for food and rest. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) asked her if they could buy some meat or dates from her but she could not find anything.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) looked towards a sheep next to the tent. He asked her, “What is wrong with this sheep?”

She replied, “The sheep is fatigued and is weaker than the other sheep”.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) asked, “Does it milk?” She replied, “I swear by your mother and father, if I saw milk from it then I would milk it”.

He then called the sheep and moved his hand over its udder; he pronounced the name of God and praised Him. Then he called the woman when the sheep steadied its feet and its udder filled. He asked for a large container and milked it until it was filled. The woman drank until full as did his companions.

Then it was milked for a second time until the container was full and they left her and continued on their journey. After a short while, the husband of the Bedouin woman returned from herding goats. He saw the milk and said to his wife, “Where did you get this milk from?”

She replied, “I swear by God, a blessed man came to us today.” He said, “Describe him to me”.

She began; “I saw him to be a man of evident splendour. Fine in figure. His face hand-some. Slim in form. His head not too small, elegant and good looking. His eyes large and black [and] his eyelashes long. His voice deep. Very intelligent. His brows high and arched [and] his hair in plaits. His neck long and his beard thick.

He gave an impression of dignity when silent and of high intelligence when he talked. His words were impressive and his speech decisive, not trivial nor trite. His ideas like pearls moving on their string.

He seemed the most splendid and fine looking man from a distance and the very best of all from close by. Medium in height, the eye not finding him too tall nor too short.

A tree branch as it were between two others but he was the finest looking of the three. The best proportioned. His companions would surround him, when he spoke they would listen attentively to his speech”.

The First Revelation

The Makkans claimed descent from Abraham through Ishmail and tradition stated that their temple, the Kabah, had been built by Abraham for the worship of the One God. It was still called the House of God, but the chief objects of worship here were a number of idols, which were called daughters of God and intercessors.

It was the practice of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) to retire often to a cave in the desert for meditation. His place of retreat was Hira, a cave in a mountain called the Mountain of Light not far from Makkah, and his chosen month was Ramadan. It was there one night towards the end of this quiet month that the first revelation came to him when he was forty years old.

He heard a voice say: Read! He said: I cannot read. The voice again said: Read! He said: I cannot read. A third time the voice, more terrible, commanded: Read! He said: What can I read? The voice said:

Recite in the name of your Lord who created, Created man from a clinging substance.

Recite, and your Lord is the most Generous, Who taught by the pen, Taught man that which he knew not.

The Vision of Cave hira

He went out of the cave on to the hillside and heard the same awe-inspiring voice say: O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)! You are God’s messenger, and I am Gabriel. Then he raised his eyes and saw the angel standing in the sky above the horizon.

And again the voice said: O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)! You are God’s messenger, and I am Gabriel. Muhammad (Peace be upon him) stood quite still, turning away his face from the brightness of the vision, but wherever he turned his face, there stood the angel confronting him. He remained thus a long while till at length the angel vanished, when he returned in great distress of mind to his wife Khadijah.

She did her best to reassure him, saying that his conduct had been such that God would not let a harmful spirit come to him and that it was her hope that he was to become the Prophet of his people. On his return to Makkah she took him to her cousin Waraqa ibn Nawfal, a very old man, who knew the Scriptures of the Jews and Christians, who declared his belief that the heavenly messenger who came to Moses of old had come to Muhammad (Peace be upon him), and that he (Muhammad – peace be upon him) was chosen as the Prophet of his people.

Message of Islam

Historical records show that all the contemporaries of Muhammad (Peace be upon him), both friends and foes, acknowledged the sterling qualities, the spotless honesty, the noble virtues, the absolute sincerity and every trustworthiness of the apostle of Islam in all walks of life and in every sphere of human activity. Even the Jews and those who did not believe in his message, adopted him as the arbiter in their personal disputes by virtue of his perfect impartiality. Even those who did not believe in his message were forced to say “O Muhammad,

we do not call you a liar, but we deny Him who has given you a book and inspired you with a message.”

Most of the people of Makkah who had acclaimed him as the trustworthy (al-Ameen) and the truthful (as-Saadiq) could not bring themselves to believe in him, nor could most of the Jews and Christians who had for so long been living in expectation of his arrival. Not that they doubted his truthfulness or integrity but they were not prepared to turn their whole established way of living upside down by submitting to his simple but radical message.

His (Peace be upon him) message in a jist were “When I recite the Quran, I find the following clear instruction: God is He who has created you, and the heavens and the earth, He is your only Lord and Master. He is your only Lord and Master. Surrender your being and your lives totally to Him Alone, and worship and serve no one but Him. Let God be the Only God.”

“The words I speak, He places in my mouth, and I speak on His authority, Obey me and forsake all false claimants to human obedience. Everything in the heavens and on earth belongs to God; no person has a right to be master of another person, to spread oppression and corruption on earth. An eternal life beyond awaits you; where you will meet God face to face, and your life will be judged; for that you must prepare.”

This simple message shook the very foundations of Makkan society as well as the seventh-century world. That world, as today, lived under the yoke of many false gods, kings and emperors, priests and monks, feudal lords and rich businessmen, soothsayers and spell-binders who claimed to know what others knew not, and who all lorded over the human being.

He was most unostentatious and selfless to the core. What were the titles he assumed? Only true servant of God and His Messenger. Servant first, and then a messenger. A Messenger and prophet like many other Prophets in every part of the world, some known to you, many not known to you. If one does not believe in any of these truths one ceases to be a Muslim. It is an article of faith.

“Looking at the circumstances of the time and unbounded reverence of his followers”, says a western writer, “the most miraculous thing about Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is, that he never claimed the power of working miracles.”

Miracles were performed but not to propagate his faith and were attributed entirely to God and his inscrutable ways. He would plainly say that he was a man like others.

He had no treasures of earth or heaven. Nor did he claim to know the secrets of what lies in the future. All this was in an age surcharged with supernaturalism in Arabia and outside Arabia, when miracles were supposed to be ordinary occurrences, performed by even the commonest saint.

Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) message challenged them all, exposed them all and threatened them all. His immediate opponents in Makkah could do no better than brand him unconvincingly as a liar, a poet, soothsayer and a man possessed.

But, how could he who was illiterate, he who had never composed a single verse, who has shown no inclination to lead people, suddenly have words flowing from his lips so full of wisdom and light, morally so uplifting, specifically so enlivening, so beautiful and powerful, that they began to change the hearts and minds and lives of the hearers? His detractors and opponents had no answer. When challenged to produce anything even remotely similar to the words Muhammad (Peace be upon him) claimed he was receiving from God, they could not match God’s words.

Stages of the Call

First privately, then publicly, the Prophet (Peace be upon him) continued to proclaim his message. He himself had an intense, living relationship with God, totally committed to the message and mission entrusted to him. Slowly and gradually, people came forward and embraced Islam. They came from all walks of life, chiefs and slaves, businessmen and artisans, men and women, most of them young. Some simply heard the Quran, and that was enough to transform them. Some saw the Prophet (Peace be upon him), and were immediately captivated by the light of mercy, generosity and humanity that were visible in his manner and morals, in his words and works and also in his face.

The opposition continued to harden and sharpen. It grew furious and ferocious. Those who joined the Prophet (Peace be upon him) were tortured in innumerable ways; they were mocked, abused, beaten, flogged, imprisoned and boycotted. Some were subjected to severe inhuman tortures; made to lie on burning coal fires until the melting body fat extinguished them, or were dragged over burning sand and rocks. Yet such was the strength of their faith that none of them gave it up in the face of such trials and tribulation.

The migration to Abyssinia

However, as the persecutions became            unbearable, the Prophet (Peace be upon him) advised those who  could,  to migrate to Abyssinia. It turned out  that    the      Christian

king there, gave the Muslims full protection despite the pleading of the emissaries sent by the  Quraysh chiefs.  This was the first emigration of Islam.

In the meantime, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and his Companions continued to nourish their souls and intellect and strengthen their character and resolve for the great task that lay ahead. They met regularly, especially at a house near the Kabah called Dar al-Arqam,to read and study the Quran, to worship and pray and to forge the ties of brotherhood.

In Makkah

Years passed and the people of Makkah would not give their allegiance to Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) message nor did they show any sign of any easing their persecution. At the same time, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) lost his closest companion, his wife Khadijah, as well as his uncle Abu Talib, his chief protector in the tribal world of Makkah. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) now decided to carry his message to the people of the nearby town of Taif known for its wealth. In Taif, too, the tribal leaders mocked and ridiculed him and rejected his message.

They also stirred up their slaves and youth to insult him, mock him and pelt stones at him. Thus he was stoned until he bled and was driven out of Taif, and when God placed at his command the Angel of Mountains to crush the Valley of Taif if he so wished, he only prayed for them to be guided. Such was the mercy and compassion of the one who is the mercy for all the worlds.

This year is known by historians as the Year of Sorrow due to the grief which Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) suffered as a result of all these worldly setbacks. However, as the Quran states that after hardship there is ease, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was to be blessed with an amazing journey culminating with a meeting with Almighty God Himself.

One night Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was awoken and taken, in the company of the Angel Gabriel, first to Jerusalem. There he was met by all the Prophets (Peace be upon them), who gathered together behind him as he prayed on the Rock at the centre of the site of Masjid Aqsa, the spot where the Dome of the Rock stands today.

From the Rock, led by the Archangel, he ascended through the seven heavens and beyond. Thus he saw whatever God made him see, the heavenly worlds which no human eye can see,

and which were the focus of this message and mission. It was also during this journey God ordained on the believers the five daily prayers.

Joy after Sorrow

In quick succession, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had suffered the terrible loss of his wife Khadijah, his intimate and beloved companion for 25 years, and of Abu Talib, his guardian and protector against the bloodthirsty Makkan foes, and encountered the worst ever rejection, humiliation and persecution at nearby Taif. As Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) reached the lowest point in his vocation, God bought him comfort and solace. On the one hand, spiritually, He took him during the Night of Ascension to the Highest of Highs, realities and Divinities, face to face with the Unseen. And on the other, materially, He opened the hearts of the people of Yathrib to the message and mission of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).

The message that Makkah and Taif rejected, found responsive hearts in Yathrib, a small oasis of about four hundred kilometers to the north of Makkah. Now known as Madina-tun-Nabi [the City of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)], or Madinah-al-Munawwarah (the radiant city), it was destined to be the centre of the Divine light that was to spread to all parts of the world for all time to come.

The Men of Madinah (Yathrib)

Soon after Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) return from Taif and the Night Journey, at the time of the pilgrimage, six men from Yathrib embraced Islam. They delivered the message of Islam to as many as they could, and at the time of the next pilgrimage in the year 621 C.E., 12 people came.

They pledged themselves to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), that they would make no god besides God, that they would neither steal nor commit fornication, nor kill their infants, nor utter slanders, nor disobey him in that which is right.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said; “If you fulfill this pledge, then Paradise is yours”. This time Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) sent Musab ibn Umayr with them to teach them the Quran and Islam and to spread the message of Islam.

More and more people over the course of a year, tribal leaders, men and women became Muslims. At the time of the next pilgrimage, they decided to send a delegation to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), make a pledge to him, and invited him and all Muslims in Makkah to Madinah as a sanctuary and as a base for spreading the Divine message of Islam.

In all, 73 men and two women came. They met Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) at Aqabah. They pledged to protect Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) as they would protect their own women and children, and to fight against all men, red and black, even if their nobles were killed and they suffered the loss of all their possessions.

When asked what would be their return if they fulfilled their pledge, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said; “Paradise”. Thus the beginning was made, the foundations of the Islamic society, state and civilisation were set.

The road was now open for the persecuted and tortured followers of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) to come to the Land of Islam, which was to be Madinah. Gradually most of the believers found their way to Madinah. Their Makkan foes could not bear to see the Muslims living in peace. They knew the power of Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) message, they knew the strength of those dedicated believers who cared about nothing for

the age-old Arab customs and ties of kinship, and who if they had to, would fight for their faith.

The Makkans sensed the danger that the Muslim presence in Madinah posed for their northern trade caravan routes. They saw no other way to stop all this but to kill Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).

Plot to Murder Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)

Hence they hatched a conspiracy; one strong and well-connected young man was to be nominated by each clan, and all of them were to pounce upon and kill Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) one morning as he came out of his house, so that his blood would be on all the clans’ hands. Thus, Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) clan would have to accept blood money in place of revenge. Informed of the plot by the Angel Gabriel, and instructed to leave Makkah for Madinah, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) went to his close friend Abu Bakr’s house to finalise the travel arrangements.

Abu Bakr was overjoyed at having been chosen for the honour and blessing of being Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) companion on this blessed, momentous, sacred and epoch-making journey. He offered his she-camel to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), but Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) insisted on paying its price.

On the fateful night, as darkness fell, the youths selected by the Quraysh leaders to kill Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) surrounded his house. They decided to pounce on him when he came out of his house for the dawn prayer. Meanwhile, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) handed over all the money left by the Makkans with him for safe-keeping to Ali.

Ali offered to lie in Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) bed. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) slipped out of his house, threw a little dust in their direction, and walked past his enemies, whose eyes were still on the house. He met Abu Bakr at his house, and they both travelled to a nearby cave.

When the Quraysh realised that Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had evaded them, they were furious. They looked for him everywhere to no success and then announced a reward of 100 she-camels for anybody who would bring them Prophet Muhammad (Peace be

upon him), dead or alive. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), with bloodthirsty foes in pursuit reached Madinah.

Four stages of Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) life in Makkah

The Makkan period can be summarized in four stages:

1. The first stage began with his appointment as a Messenger and ended with the open proclamation of Prophethood three years later. During this period the Message was given secretly to some selected persons only but the common people of Makkah were not aware of it.
2. The second stage lasted for two years after the proclamation of his Prophethood. It began with opposition by individuals:

then it took the shape of antagonism, ridicule, derision, accusation, abuse and false propaganda; then gangs were formed to persecute those Muslims who were comparatively poor, weak and helpless.

3. The third stage lasted for about six years from the beginning of the persecution to the death of Abu Talib and Khadijah in the tenth year of Prophethood. During this period the persecution of the Muslims became so savage and brutal that many of them were forced to migrate to Abyssinia while social and economic boycott was applied against the remaining Believers.
4. The fourth stage lasted for about three years from the tenth to the thirteenth year of Prophethood. This was a period of hard trials and grievous sufferings for Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and his followers. Life had become unendurable at Makkah and there appeared to be no place of refuge even outside it. So much so that when Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) went to Taif, it offered no shelter or protection.

Besides this, on the occasion of Hajj, he would appeal to each and every Arab clan to accept his invitation to Islam but was met with blank refusal from every quarter. At the same time, the people of Makkah were holding counsels to get rid of him by killing or imprisoning or banishing him from their city. It was at that most critical time that God opened for Islam the hearts of the People of Yathrib where he migrated at their invitation.

The hijrah – the Migration – (622 C.E.)

This was the year Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) migrated from Makkah to Madinah – a small distance in space, a mighty leap in history, an event that was to become a threshold in the shaping of the Islamic Ummah. This is why the Muslims date their calendar from the Hijrah and not fromstart of revelation or from the birth of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).

In  Qubah,  10  kilometres  outside  Madinah,  Prophet  Muhammad (Peace be upon him) made his first stopover. Here he built the first Masjid.

Here he also made his first public address, “spread peace among yourselves, give away food to the needy, pray while people sleep and you will enter Paradise, the House of Peace”.

Three days later, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) entered Madinah. Men, women, children, the entire populace came out on the streets and jubilantly welcomed him. Never was there a day of greater rejoicing and happiness. “The Prophet has come! The Prophet has come!” sang the little children.

The first thing Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) did after arriving in Madinah was to weld the Muhajirs or Emigrants and the hosts, called the Ansar or Helpers into one brotherhood. Still today this brotherhood remains the hallmark of the Muslims. One person from the Emigrants was made the brother of one from among the Helpers creating a bond stronger than blood. The Helpers offered to share equally all that they possessed with their new brothers.

Brotherhood

So, the Muslims were forged into a close-knit community of faith and brotherhood. The first structure was also raised. This was the Masjid, the building dedicated to the worship of One God called Masjid al-Nabi, the Prophet’s Masjid. Since then the Masjid has also remained the hallmark of the Muslims’ collective and social life, the convenient space for the integration of the religious and political dimension of Islam, a source of identification, a witness to Muslim existence.

At the same time, steps were taken and required institutions built to integrate the entire social life around the centre and pivot of the worship of One God. For this purpose, five daily prayers in congregation were established. Fasting every day from dawn to sunset for the entire month, was also prescribed. Similarly, to establish giving as the way of life, Zakah, a percentage of one’s wealth to be given in the way of God, was made obligatory.

The Jews and hypocrites

In the first year of his reign at Madinah Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) made a solemn treaty with the Jewish tribes, which secured to them rights of citizenship and full religious liberty in return for their support of the new state. But their idea of a Prophet, was one who would give them dominion, not one who made the Jews, brothers of every Arab who might happen to believe as they did.

When they realised that they could not use Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) for their own ends, they tried to shake his faith and his Mission.

This was encouraged secretly by some people who claimed to be Muslims (Hypocrites – who were Muslims just by name not by deeds) who considered they had reason to resent Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) coming, since it robbed them of their local influence. In the Quran and Hadiths there is mention of Jews who plotted against Islam and Hypocrites who helped them.

But there were many among the Jews, including some of their scholars from Madinah, who believed in the truth, accepted Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) as a Messenger of God and practised Islam fervently. They were praised and honourably mentioned likewise in Quran and Hadiths.

The First Expeditions

Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) first concern as ruler was to establish public worship and lay down the constitution of the State: but he did not forget that Quraysh had sworn to make an end to his religion, nor that he had received command to fight against them till they ceased from persecution.

After twelve months in Madinah several small expeditions went out, led either by Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) himself or other migrants for the purpose of reconnaissance and of dissuading other tribes from siding with Quraysh. One of the other purposes of those expeditions may have been to accustom the Makkan Muslims to engage with enemy forces. For thirteen years they had been strict pacifists, and it is clear, from several passages of the Quran, that many of them disliked the idea of fighting and had to be inured to it.

The Campaign of Badr

In the second year after Hijrah, the Makkan merchants caravan (which had the confiscated possessions of what the Muslims had left in Makkah) was returning from Syria as usual by a road which passed not far from Madinah. As its leader Abu Sufyan approached the territory of Madinah he heard of Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) plan to capture the caravan. At once he sent a camel-rider towards Makkah, who arrived in a worn-out state and shouted

frantically from the valley to Quraysh to hasten to the rescue unless they wished to lose both wealth and honour. A force of a thousand strong was soon on its way to Madinah: less, it would seem, with the hope of saving the caravan than with the idea of punishing the raiders, since Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) might have taken the caravan before the relief force started from Makkah.

The army of Quraysh had advanced more than half-way to Madinah before Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) set out. All three parties, the army of Quraysh, the Muslim army and the caravan were heading towards the water wells of Badr. Abu Sufyan, the leader of the caravan, heard from one of his scouts that the Muslims were near the water, and turned back to the coast- plain leaving the Muslims to meet the army of Quraysh by the well of Badr.

Before the battle, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) exempted all the natives of Madinah (The Ansar) from taking part in the battle, since their oathdid not include the duty of fighting in the field; but the Ansar were only hurt by the suggestion that they could possibly desert him at a time of danger. The battle went  at first against the Muslims, but against the odds with a much weaker army they were victorious.

The victory of Badr gave Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) new prestige among the Arab tribes; but thence-forth there was the feud of blood between Quraysh and the Islamic State in addition to the old religious hatred. Those passages of the Quran which refer to the battle of Badr give warning of much greater struggles yet to come.

In fact in the following year, an army of three thousand came from Makkah to destroy Madinah. The Prophet’s first idea was merely to defend the city, a plan of which Abdullah ibn Ubayy, the leader of the Hypocrites (Muslims by name only), strongly approved. But the men who had fought at Badr and believed that God would help them against any odds thought it a shame that they should linger behind walls.

The Battle on Mount uhud

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), approving of their faith and zeal, gave way to them, and set out with an army of one thousand men toward Mt. Uhud, where the enemy were encamped. Abdullah ibn Ubayy was much offended by the change of plan. He thought it unlikely that Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) really meant to give battle in conditions so adverse to the Muslims, and was unwilling to take part in a mere demonstration designed to flatter the Muslims. So he withdrew with his men, a fourth or so of the army.

Despite the heavy odds, the battle on Mt. Uhud would have been an even greater victory than that at Badr for the Muslims but for the disobedience of a band of fifty archers whom Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) set to guard a pass against the enemy cavalry. Seeing their comrades victorious, these men left their post, fearing to lose their share of the spoils. The cavalry of Quraysh rode through the gap and fell on the exultant Muslims.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) himself was wounded and the cry arose that he was slain, till someone recognised him and shouted that he was still living; a shout to which the Muslims rallied. Gathering round Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), they retreated, leaving many dead on the hillside.

On the following day Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) again ventured forth with what remained of the army, with the intention that the Quraysh might hear that he was in the field and so might perhaps be deterred from attacking the city. The stratagem succeeded, thanks to the behaviour of a friendly Bedouin, who met the Muslims and conversed with them and afterwards met the army of Quraysh. Questioned by Abu Sufyan, he said that Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was in the field, stronger than ever, and thirsting for revenge for yesterday’s affair. On that information, Abu Sufyan decided to return to Makkah.

Massacre of Muslims

The reverse which they had suffered on Mt. Uhud lowered the prestige of the Muslims with the Arab tribes and also with the Jews of Madinah. Tribes which had inclined toward the

Muslims now inclined toward the Quraysh. Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) followers were attacked and murdered when they went abroad in little companies. Khubayb, one of his envoys, was captured by a desert tribe and sold to Quraysh, who tortured him to death in Makkah publicly.

Expulsion of Banu-Nadheer

The Jews, despite their treaty, now hardly concealed their hostility. They even went so far in flattery of Quraysh as to declare the religion of the pagan Arabs superior to Islam. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was obliged to take punitive action against some of them. The tribe of Banu-Nadheer were besieged in their strong towers, subdued and forced to emigrate. The Hypocrites had sympathized with the Jews and secretly egged them on.

The War of the Trench

In the fifth year of the Hijrah the idolaters made a great effort to destroy Islam in the War of the Clans or War of the Trench, as it is variously called; when Quraysh with all their clans and the great desert tribe of Ghatafan with all their clans, an army  of ten thousand men rode against Madinah. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) (by the advice of Salman the Persian) caused a deep trench to be dug before the city, and himself led the work of digging it.

The army of the clans was stopped by the trench, a novelty in Arab warfare. It seemed impassable for cavalry, which formed their strength. They camped in sight of it and daily showered their arrows on its defenders. While the Muslims were awaiting the assault, news

came that Banu Quraythah, a Jewish tribe from Madinah which had till then been loyal, had gone over to the enemy. The case seemed desperate.

But the delay caused by the trench had dampened the zeal of the clans, and one who was secretly a Muslim managed to sow distrust between Quraysh and their Jewish allies, so that both hesitated to act. Then came a bitter wind from the sea, which blew for three days and nights so terribly that not a tent could be kept standing, not a fire lighted, not a pot boiled.

The tribesmen were in utter misery. At length, one night the leader of Quraysh decided that the torment could be borne no longer and gave the order to retire. When the Ghatafan awoke next morning they found Quraysh had gone and they too took up their baggage and retreated.

Punishment of Banu Quraythah

On the day of the return from the trench Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) ordered war on the treacherous Banu Quraythah, who, conscious of their guilt, had already taken to their towers of refuge. After a siege of nearly a month they had to surrender unconditionally. They only begged that they might be judged by a member of the Arab tribe of which they were adherents. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) granted their request. But the judge, upon whose favour they had counted, condemned their fighting men to death, their women and children to slavery.

Early in the sixth year of the Hijrah Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) led a campaign against the Bani al-Mustaliq, a tribe who were preparing to attack the Muslims.

Al-hudaybiyah

In the same year Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had a vision in which he found himself entering the holy place at Makkah unopposed, therefore he determined to attempt the pilgrimage. Attired as pilgrims, and taking with them the customary offerings, a company of fourteen hundred men journeyed to Makkah. As they drew near the holy valley they were met by a friend from the city, who warned Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) that Quraysh had put on their leopards skins (the badge of valour) and had sworn to prevent his entering the sanctuary; their cavalry was on the road before him.

On that, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) ordered a detour through mountain gorges and the Muslims were tired out when they came down at last into the valley of Makkah and encamped at a spot called Al-Hudaybiyah; from here he tried to open negotiations with Quraysh, to explain that he came only as a pilgrim.

The first messenger he sent towards the city was maltreated and his camel hamstrung. He returned without delivering his message. Quraysh on their side sent an envoy which was threatening in manner, and very arrogant.

Another of their envoys was too familiar and had to be reminded sternly of the respect due to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). It was he who, on his return to the city, said, “I have seen Caesars and Chosroes in their pomp, but never have I seen a man honoured as Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is honoured by his comrades”.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) sought some messenger who would impose respect. Uthman was finally chosen because of his kinship with the powerful Umayyad family. While the Muslims were awaiting his return the news came that he had been murdered. It was then that Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), sitting under a tree in Al-Hudaybiyah, took an oath from all his comrades that they would stand or fall together.

After a while, however, it became known that Uthman had not been murdered. A troop which came out from the city to molest the Muslims in their camp was captured before they could do any hurt and brought before Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), who forgave them on their promise to renounce hostility.

Truce of al-hudaybiyah

Then proper envoys came from Quraysh. After some negotiation, the truce of Al-Hudaybiyah was signed. For ten years there were to be no hostilities between the parties. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was to return to Madinah without visiting the Kabah, but in the following year he might perform the pilgrimage with his comrades, Quraysh promising to evacuate Makkah for three days to allow of his doing so.

Deserters from Quraysh to the Muslims during the period of the truce were to be returned; not so deserters from the Muslims to Quraysh. Any tribe or clan who wished to share in the treaty as allies of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) might do so, and any tribe or clan who wished to share in the treaty as allies of Quraysh might do so.

There was dismay among the Muslims at these terms. They asked one another: Where is the victory that we were promised? It was during the return journey from al-Hudaybiyah that the Surah entitled The Conquest (Chapter 48) was revealed. This truce proved, in fact, to be the greatest victory that the Muslims had till then achieved.

War had been a barrier between them and the idolaters, but now both parties met and talked together, and the religion spread more rapidly. In the two years which elapsed between the signing of the truce and the fall of Makkah the number of reverts was greater than the total

number of all previous reverts. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) travelled to Al- Hudaybiyah with 1400 men.

Two years later, when the Makkans broke the truce, he marched against them with an army of 10,000.

The Campaign of Khaybar

In the seventh year after the Hijrah, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) led a campaign against Khaybar, the stronghold of the Jewish tribes in North Arabia, which had become a hornets’ nest of his enemies. The forts of Khaybar were reduced one by one, and the Jews of Khaybar became thenceforth tenants of the Muslims until the expulsion of the Jews from Arabia in the Caliphate of Umar. On the day when the last fort surrendered, Jafar, son of Abu Talib, Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) first cousin, arrived with all who remained of the Muslims who had fled to Abyssinia to escape from persecution in the early days.

Pilgrimage to Makkah

In the following year Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) vision was fulfilled: he visited the holy place at Makkah unopposed. In accordance with the terms of the truce the idolaters evacuated the city, and from the surrounding heights watched the procedure of the Muslims. At the end of the stipulated three days the chiefs of Quraysh sent a reminder to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) that the time was up. He then withdrew, and the idolaters reoccupied the city.

Mutah Expedition

In the eighth year of the Hijrah, hearing that the Byzantine emperor was gathering a force in Syria for the destruction of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) sent three thousand men to Syria under the command of his freed slave Zayd. The campaign was unsuccessful except that it impressed the Syrians with a notion of the reckless valour of the Muslims.

The three thousand did not hesitate to join battle with a hundred thousand. When all the three leaders appointed by Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had been killed, the survivors came under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid, who, by his strategy and courage, managed to preserve a remnant and return with them to Madinah.

Truce Broken by Quraysh

In the same year Quraysh broke the truce by attacking a tribe that was in alliance with Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and massacring them even in the sanctuary at Makkah. Afterwards they were afraid because of what they had done. They sent Abu Sufyan to Madinah to ask for the existing treaty to be renewed and, its term prolonged. They hoped that he would arrive before the tidings of the massacre. But a messenger from the injured tribe had been before him, and his embassy was fruitless.

Conquest of Makkah

Then Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) summoned all the Muslims capable of bearing arms and marched to Makkah. The Quraysh were overawed. Their cavalry put up a show of defense before the town, but were routed without bloodshed; and Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) entered his native city on horseback with his head humbled before God as conqueror. The inhabitants expected vengeance for their past misdeeds.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) proclaimed a general amnesty. Only a few known criminals were proscribed, and most of those were in the end forgiven. In their relief and surprise, the whole population of Makkah hastened to swear allegiance. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) caused all the idols which were in the sanctuary to be destroyed, saying: “Truth has come; darkness has vanished away”; and the Muslim call to prayer was heard in Makkah.

After the fall of Makkah, more than one million square miles of land lay at his feet, King of Arabia, he mended his own shoes and coarse woolen garments, milked the goats, swept the hearth, kindled the fire and attended the other menial offices of the family. The entire town of Madinah where he lived grew wealthy in the later days of his life. Everywhere there was gold and silver in plenty and yet in those days of prosperity many weeks would elapse without a fire being kindled in the hearth of the king of Arabia, his food being dates and water. His family would go hungry many nights successively because they could not get anything to eat in the evening.

He slept on no soften bed but on a palm mat, after a long busy day to spend most of his night in prayer, often bursting with tears before his Creator to grant him strength to discharge his duties. As the reports go, his voice would get choked with weeping and it would appear as if a cooking pot was on fire and boiling had commenced.

Circumstances changed, but the prophets of god are unchangeable. In victory or in defeat, in power or in adversity, in affluence or in indigence, he was the same man, disclosed the same character. Like all the ways and laws of God, prophets of God are unchangeable.

The Prophet’s treatment of his bitterest enemies is the noblest example for his followers.

At the conquest of Makkah, he stood at the zenith of his power. The city which had refused to listen to his mission, which had tortured him and his followers, which had driven him and his people into exile and which had unrelentingly persecuted and boycotted him even when he had taken refuge in a place more than 200 miles away, that city now lay at his feet. By the laws of war he could have justly avenged all the cruelties inflicted on him and his people.

But what treatment did he accord to them? Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) heart flowed with affection and he declared, “This day, there is no blame on you and you are all free.” “This day” he proclaimed, “I trample under my feet all distinctions between man and man, all hatred between man and man.”

This was one of the chief objects why he permitted war in self defense, that is to unite human beings. And when once this object was achieved, even his worst enemies were pardoned, even those who killed his beloved uncle, Hamzah, mangled his body, ripped it open, even chewed a piece of his liver.

Battle of Hunain

In the same year there was an angry gathering of pagan tribes eager to regain the Kabah. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) led twelve thousandmen against them. At Hunain, in a deep ravine, his troops were ambushed by the enemy and almost put to flight. It was with difficulty that they were rallied to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and his bodyguard of faithful comrades who alone stood firm. But the victory, when it came, was complete and the booty enormous, for many of the hostile tribes had brought out with them everything that they possessed.

Conquest of Taif

The tribe of Thaqif was among the enemy at Hunain. After          that victory their city of Taif was besieged by the Muslims, and finally reduced. Then Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) appointed a governor of Makkah, and himself returned to Madinah to the boundless joy of the Ansar, who had feared lest, now that he had regained his native city, he might forsake them and make Makkah the capital.

The Tabuk Expedition

In the ninth year of the Hijrah, hearing that an army was again being mustered in Syria, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) called on all the Muslims to support him in a great campaign. The far distance, the hot season, the fact that it was harvest time and the prestige

of the enemy caused many to excuse themselves and many more to stay behind without excuse.

Those defaulters are denounced in the Quran. But the campaign ended peacefully. The army advanced to Tabuk, on the confines of Syria, and then learnt that the enemy had not yet gathered.

Declaration of Immunity

Although Makkah had been conquered and its people were now Muslims, the official order of the pilgrimage had not been changed; the pagan Arabs performing it in their manner, and the Muslims in their manner. It was only after the pilgrims caravan had left Madinah in the ninth year of the Hijrah, when Islam was dominant in North Arabia, that the Declaration of Immunity, as it is called, was revealed (Surah 9). Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) sent a copy of it by messenger to Abu Bakr, leader of the pilgrimage, with the instruction that Ali was to read it to the multitudes at Makkah.

Its declaration was that after that year, Muslims only were to make the pilgrimage, exception being made for such of the idolaters as had a treaty with the Muslims and had never broken their treaty nor supported anyone against them. Such were to enjoy the privileges of their treaty for the term thereof, but when their treaty expired they would be as other idolaters. That proclamation marks the end of idol-worship in Arabia.

The Year of deputations

The ninth year of the Hijrah is called the Year of Deputations, because from all parts of Arabia deputations came to Madinah to swear allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and to hear the Quran.

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had become, in fact, the ruler of Arabia, but his way of life remained as simple as before. He personally controlled every detail of organisation, judged every case and was accessible to every suppliant. In the last ten years he destroyed idolatry in Arabia; raised women from the status of cattle to legal equity with men; effectually stopped the drunkenness and immorality which had till then disgraced the Arabs; made men in love with faith, sincerity and honest dealing; transformed tribes who had been for centuries content with ignorance into a people with the greatest thirst for knowledge; and for the first time in history made universal human brotherhood a fact and principle of common law. And his support and guide in all that work was the Quran.

The Farewell Pilgrimage

In the tenth year of the Hijrah, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) went to Makkah as a pilgrim for the last time on his pilgrimage of farewell as it is called when from Mt. Arafat he preached to an enormous throng of pilgrims. He reminded them of all the duties Islam enjoined upon them, and that they would one day have to meet their Lord, who would judge each one of them according to his work. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said:

O People, listen well to my words, for I do not know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you very carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today.

O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Treat others justly so that no one would be unjust to you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and that He will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah has forbidden you to take usury (riba), therefore all riba obligations shall henceforth be waived. Your capital, however, is yours to keep. You will neither inflict nor suffer inequity.

Beware of the devil, for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things.

O People, it is true that you have certain rights over your women, but they also have rights over you. Remember that you have taken them as your wives only under Allah’s trust and with His permission. If they abide by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Treat your women well and be kind to them, for they are your partners and committed helpers. It is your right that they do not make friends with anyone of whom you do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste…

O People, listen to me in earnest, worship Allah (The One Creator of the Universe), perform your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your financial obligation (Zakah) of your wealth. Perform Hajj if you can afford to.

All mankind are from Adam and Eve – an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a White has no superiority over a Black nor a Black has any superiority over a White, except by piety and good action. Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. Do not, therefore, do injustice to yourselves.

Remember, one day you will appear before Allah (The Creator) and you will answer for your deeds. So beware, do not stray from the path of righteousness after I am gone.

O People, no prophet or messenger will come after me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand the words which I convey to you. I am leaving you with the Book of Allah (the Quran) and my Sunnah (practices), if you follow them you will never go astray.

All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. Be my witness O Allah, that I have conveyed your message to your people.

Illness and death of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)

It was during that last pilgrimage that the Surah entitled Victory (Surah 110) was revealed, which he received as an announcement of approaching death. Soon after his return to Madinah he fell ill. The tidings of his illness caused dismay throughout Arabia and anguish to the folk of Madinah, Makkah and Taif, the hometowns

.

At early dawn on the last day of his earthly life he came out from his room beside the masjid at Madinah and joined the public prayer, which Abu Bakr had been leading since his illness. And there was great relief among the people,who supposed him to be well again.When, later in the day, the news grew that he was dead, Umar threatened those who spread the news with dire punishment, declaring it a crime to think that the Messenger of Godcould die. He was storming at the people in that strain when Abu Bakr came into the mosque and overheard him. Abu Bakr went to the chamber of his daughter Aisha, where Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) lay, having ascertained the fact, kissed Prophet Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him) forehead and went back into the mosque. The people were still listening to Umar, who was saying that the news was a wicked lie, that Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) who was everything to them could not be dead.

Abu Bakr went up to Umar and tried to stop him by a whispered word. Then, finding he would pay no heed, Abu Bakr called to the people, who, recognizing his voice, left Umar and came crowding round him. He first gave praise to God, and then said: O people! Lo! As for him who worshipped Muhammad (Peace be upon him), Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is dead. But as for him who worships God, God is Alive and dies not. He then recited the verse of the Quran:

Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is not but a messenger. [Other] messengers have passed on before him. So if he was to die or be killed, would you turn back on your heels [to unbelief]?

Gifted men with genius for preaching are rare. Descartes included the perfect preacher among the rarest kind in the world, “A great theorist is seldom a great leader. The union of theorist, organizer and leader in one man, is the rarest phenomenon on this earth; therein consists greatness.” In the person of the Prophet of Islam the world has seen this rarest phenomenon walking on the earth, walking in flesh and blood.

Such is Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). According to every standard by which human greatness can be measured he was matchless; no person was ever greater.

Say, [O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)], “O mankind, indeed I am the Messenger of God to you all, [from Him] to whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. There is no deity except Him; He gives life and causes death.” So believe in God and His Messenger, the unlettered prophet, who believes in God and His words, and follow him that you may be guided.     (Quran 7:158)

Edited from following sources – M. Pickthall, Introduction to The Glorious Quran, K. Murrad, Who is Muhammad?, Prof Ramakrishna Rao, Life of Muhammed etc.

Further Readings

1. “Muhammad the Greatest” by Ahmed Deedat
2. “The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum),” by S. al-Mubarakpuri – Darul Huda
3. “Islam, the straight Path” by Prof. John L. Esposito
4. ‘‘A Mercy to the Universe’’ by Saeed ibn Ali bin Wahf Al-Qahtani
5. “Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources,” by Martin Lings
6. ‘‘Muhammad As If You Can See Him’’ by A’id ibn ‘abdullah al-Qarni
7. “The Life of Prophet Muhammad” by Leila Azzam & Aisha Gouverneur
8. “Muhammad: Man and Prophet : A Complete Study of the Life of the Prophet of Islam” by Adil Salahi
9. “Muhammad The Messenger of God” by Dr.Abdurrahman al-Sheha
10. “The Life   of   Prophet   Muhammad”   by   Muhammad  AbdulRaoof
11. “The Truth about Prophet Muhammad” (http://www.al-jumuah.com)
12. “Muhammad for the Global Village” by Dr. Muhammad al-Haashimi al-Haamidi
13. “Abridged Biography  of  Prophet  Muhammad”  by  Imam Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab At-Tamimi
14. “Ten Questions and Answers about Prophet Muhammad” by Ibrahim H. Malabari
15. “What Muhammad Can Offer The West” by Abdul Radhi Mohammed Abdul Muhsin